Papers

Funerary Iconography on an Infant Burial Jar from Ashkelon

Co-authored with Brian Doak
Israel Exploration Journal 61/1 (2011): 32-53

The 2007 season of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon unearthed a remarkable intramural infant jar burial, bearing roughly incised images on both sides. While a number of intramural infant burials have been recovered from late twelfth–eleventh century levels at the site, this jar is the first burial to reveal anything about the funerary beliefs and rituals that might be associated with such practices. The iconography itself is unique within the Philistine milieu, as well as within the broader context of Syro-Palestinian funerary imagery, instead echoing Egyptian funerary motifs. After a brief discussion of the jar and its archaeological context we offer an interpretation of the burial jar’s iconography and explore its possible relationship to Egyptian funerary ritual.

Tracking the Cooking Pot à La Stéatite: Signs of Cyprus In Iron Age Syria

American Journal of Archaeology 112/4 (2008): 565-80.

The cooking pot "à la stéatite" first appears at sites along the Syrian cast in the 12th century. Until recently, these cooking pots were considered an essentially Iron I coastal phenomenon with a few isolated appearances inland. New research indicates that these cooking pots can actually be tracked throughout the Iron I and Ii as they penetrated inland Syria by way of the Orontes River, ultimately to become one of the dominant cooking pot forms of the later Iron Age. Both technological and stylistic elements of even the earliest variants show a strong relationship with Cypriot cooking wares; moreover, its distribution is largely consistent with the distribution of locally produced Mycenaean-style pottery in Syria.

This study explores the Aegean relationships of the cooking pot "à la stéatite" and addresses the question of the Sea Peoples and Cypriot immigrants in Iron Age Syria

Sea Peoples Or Syrian Peddlers?: The Late Bronze-Iron I Aegean Presence In Syria and Cilicia

Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University 2007 (available through ProQuest)

To date, a great deal of attention has been focused on the Aegean presence in the Near East during the pivotal point of transition between the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. Traditional theories advocating a mass immigration of the 'Sea Peoples' into Cyprus and the southern Levant have been borne out by evidence for a pervasive, intrusive population of Aegean origins in these regions. Circumstances in the northern Levant during this transition remain considerably more opaque. Scholarly emphasis has been upon coastal areas and particularly focused upon evidence for destructions; moreover, labyrinthine terminology has added to the difficulties in ascertaining whether and which vessels of Mycenaean origin can be identified in a northern milieu.
Drawing upon published sites, multiple surveys and unpublished collections, this study gathers all of the evidence for Iron Age Mycenaean-style pottery currently known in Cilicia and Syria. The Iron Age wares are presented alongside data for imported assemblages at these sites (where present), and provided with brief archaeological context. In addition, we present herein a detailed analysis of the unpublished Mycenaean-style collections from the ’Amuq sites of Chatal Hüyük and Tell Judeideh in the Syrian interior. The ceramic evidence is paired with a brief examination of the features of Aegean and Anatolian material culture appearing also during this horizon in the northern Levant. In light of the distributive patterns of the Mycenaean-style wares, their morphology and decorative repertoires, and additional evidence of intrusive cultural elements, we explore throughout the validity of both Sea Peoples’ migration and Sherratt’s mercantilist hypothesis as possible mechanisms for the appearance of Mycenaean-style pottery in the Iron Age northern Levant.

"Balance Weights" and "Bronze Cuboid Weights"

In Ashkelon 3: The Seventh Century B.C. edited by L. Stager, D. Master, D. Schloen. (Eisenbrauns, 2011). Co-authored with Ey Levine.

The chapter presents an illustrated catalogue and detailed discussion of all of the scale weights recovered from the 604 B.C. destruction levels at the city of Ashkelon, most of which were found among the warehouses and streets adjacent to the port. The study examines the weight standards represented among them and therein the trading connections they suggest. The corpus also includes the largest provenanced collection of bronze cuboid weights, a type which has been argued by some to represent a Phoenician standard. A section of the chapter explores the feasibility of a Phoenician attribution for these weights, and rejects the possibility that they conform to a single system.

 

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